Process for the preparation of substituted 3-phenyl-propanoic acid esters and substituted 3-phenyl-propanoic acids

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a process comprising hydrolysis or trans esterification of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a racemic or enantiomerically enriched ester of formula I or IV by a higher rate than the other by an enzyme to give an ester and a acid (III) or two different esters (V) and (VI) with different R groups both with increased enantiomeric purity and a esterification process of a racemic or enantiomerically enriched acid (VII) by an enzyme to give an ester and an acid both with increased enantiomeric purity.

FIELD OF INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a new process for the preparation of optically enriched substituted esters of 3-phenyl-propanoic acids and substituted 3-phenyl-propanoic acids.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Yasuo Kato et. al. have shown that incubation of α-benzyloxycarboxylic esters with grown cells of the bacterium Corynebacterium equi afforded chiral esters via asymmetric hydrolysis (Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 28, No.12, 1303-1306, 1987).

[0003] Japanese Patent Application No. 61-208680 describes methods for the production of optically active α-hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives by the use of bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium. In the patent application processes are described converting racemic esters (2 g/l) in culture solutions (where the microbe is capable of growing) during 24 to 65 h of shake culturing.

[0004] However, according to K. Faber in “Biotransformations in Organic Chemsitry”, 4^(th) Ed., Springer Veriag 1999, p. 10, the usage of a growing cell culture has a number of disadvantages vs. isolated enzymes, such as more difficult process control, the handling of large biomass in a chemical plant, and more by-product formation.

[0005] Japanese Patent Application No. 63-107536 describes the use of a few lipases for the production of optically active 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids and esters.

[0006] Jean-Marc Ricca et al. found that α-Chymotrypsin suspended in organic solvents was stereoselective with respect to the hydrolysis of L-amino acid derivatives, but no stereoselectivity was observed when α-hydroxy esters were used as substrates (J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., Vol. 1, 1225-1233, 1993).

[0007] David Haigh et al. showed that a Rhizopus delemar lipase catalysed hydrolysis of methyl 3-(4-[2-[N-(benzoxazolyi)-N-methylaminolethoxy]-phenyl]-2-methoxypropanoate affords the (R)-(+) and (S)-(−) isomers in >84% enantiomeric excess. (Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry vol. 7, 821-830, 1999).

[0008] However, to achieve such optical purity for the (S)-acid, double enzymatic resolution was necessary: The (S)-acid was isolated from the initial enzymatic hydrolysis, re-esterified, and enzymatically rehydrolysed.

[0009] As described by Collins Sheldrake Crosby (Chirality in Industry, 1992 section 1.3.1) it is a big advantage for large-scale production to process a minimum of material. To be able to do this the chiral purification needs to be performed as early as possible in a synthetic route. This is the opposite of what is seen in the Haigh reference but in line with the process described in this patent application. The overall process cost as e.g. environmental cost (less waste is generated), operating costs and material cost are in general lower for processes where the chiral separation is performed early in the synthesis as seen for the present invention.

[0010] It has recently been shown, that p-aryl-a-oxysubstituted alkylcarboxylic acids have hypolipidemic and antihyperglycemic uses (WO 99/19313).

[0011] The synthesis of these compounds involves several steps to achieve the pure enantiomeric form of the compounds, which show pharmacological activity.

[0012] WO 00/26200 discloses the synthesis of optical enriched P-aryl-α-oxysubstituted alkylcarboxylic acids and esters related to the compounds mentioned in WO 99/19313.

[0013] The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a new process involving an enzymatic resolution step for the preparation of optically enriched substituted esters of 3-phenyl-propanoic acids and substituted 3-phenyl-propanoic acids which process is adaptable to large scale manufacture, provides good yields and high purity and reduces the cost of manufacture as e.g. environmental cost (less waste is generated).

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] The present invention relates to a process comprising hydrolysis or trans-esterification of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a racemic or enantiomerically enriched ester of formula I or IV by a higher rate than the other by an enzyme to give an ester (II) and an acid (III) or two different esters (V) and (VI) with different R groups both with increased enantiomeric purity and an esterification process of a racemic or enantiomerically enriched acid (VII) by an enzyme to give an ester (IX) and an acid (VIII) both with increased enantiomeric purity.

[0015] The process can be used to synthesise important building blocks for the preparation of compounds active at the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) like the ones described in WO 99/19313 and in Haigh et al; (Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry vol. 7, 821-830, 1999).

[0016] The process of the invention can be divided into three types of reaction schemes:

[0017] One of the two enantiomers of racemic or enantiomerically enriched (I) is hydrolysed at a higher rate than the other in a solvent with an enzyme to give a product mixture of an acid (III) and an ester (II) both with increased enantiomeric purity wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyi, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂, —CSNH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₆-alkyl, or R¹ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —N^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, —CN, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂ or —CSNH₂.

[0018] Dependent on the enzyme applied the following product mixtures can be formed: optically enriched R (II) and S (III) or optically enriched S (II) and R (III).

[0019] One of the two enantiomers of racemic or enantiomerically enriched (IV) is trans-esterified at a higher rate than the other in a solvent containing an appropriate alcohol R²—OH or just in the appropriate alcohol without solvent with an enzyme to give a product mixture of two different esters (V) and (VI) both with increased enantiomeric purity wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-Balkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂, —CSNH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein R^(X) and R^(Y) independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₆-alkyl, or R¹ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, —CN, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂ or —CSNH₂ and wherein R² is defined as R¹ provided that R² is different from the actual R¹ in the starting material.

[0020] Dependent on the enzyme applied the following product mixtures can be formed: enriched R (V) and S (VI) or enriched S (V) and R (VI).

[0021] Preferably, the two esters are so different that they easily can be separated by e.g. extraction e.g. a R¹ making the starting material (IV) soluble in water and an R² making the product (VI) soluble in a not water miscible organic solvent.

[0022] One of the two enantiomers of racemic or enantiomerically enriched (VIII) is esterified at a higher rate than the other in a solvent containing an appropriate alcohol R³—OH or just in the appropriate alcohol without solvent with an enzyme to give a product mixture of an acid (VIII) and an ester (IX) both with increased enantiomeric purity wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂, —CSNH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₆-alkyl, or R³ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, —CN, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂ or —CSNH₂.

[0023] Dependent on the enzyme applied the following product mixtures can be formed: enriched R (VIII) and S (IX) or enriched S (VIII) and R (IX).

[0024] Preferably, the two esters can easily be separated by e.g. extraction.

[0025] Process 1, Process 2, and Process 3 may be combined in order to enhance the enantiomeric purity. Enantiomerically enriched III may be used as starting material VII in Process 3; enantiomerically enriched II or IX may be used as starting material IV in Process 2; enantiomerically enriched V, VI, and IX may be used as starting material I in Process 1.

[0026] The terms “C_(1-n′)-alkyl” wherein n′ can be from 2 through 30, as used herein, alone or in combination is intended to include those alkyl groups of the designated length in either a linear or branched or cyclic configuration, represents e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl and the like. Typical C₁₋₃₀-alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-pentyl, hexyl, iso-hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl and the like.

[0027] The terms “C_(2-n′)-alkenyl” wherein n′ can be from 3 through 30, as used herein, represents an olefinically unsaturated branched or straight group having from 2 to the specified number of carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, allyl, iso-proppenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, 1-butenyl, hexenyl, pentenyl and the like.

[0028] The terms “C_(2-n′)-alkynyl” wherein n′ can be from 3 through 30, as used herein, represent an unsaturated branched or straight group having from 2 to the specified number of carbon atoms and at least one triple bond. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl and the like.

[0029] The terms “C_(4-n′)-alkenynyl” wherein n′ can be from 5 through 30, as used herein, represent an unsaturated branched or straight hydrocarbon group having from 4 to the specified number of carbon atoms and both at least one double bond and at least one triple bond. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, 1-penten-4-yne, 3-penten-1-yne, 1,3-hexadiene-5-yne and the like.

[0030] The'term “C₁₋₆-alkoxy” as used herein, alone or in combination is intended to include those C₁₋₆-alkyl groups of the designated length in either a linear or branched or cyclic configuration linked through an ether oxygen having its free valence bond from the ether oxygen. Examples of linear alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy and the like. Examples of branched alkoxy are isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, isopentoxy, isohexoxy and the like. Examples of cyclic alkoxy are cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like.

[0031] The term “C₁₋₆-alkylthio” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a straight or branched or cyclic monovalent substituent comprising a C₁₋₆-alkyl group linked through a divalent sulfur atom having its free valence bond from the sulfur atom and having 1 to 6 carbon atoms e.g. methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, pentylthio and the like. Examples of cyclic alkylthio are cyclopropylthio, cyclobutylthio, cyclopentylthio, cyclohexylthio and the like.

[0032] As used herein, the phrase “5 or 6 membered heterocyclic group” means a group containing from one to four N, O or S atom(s) or a combination thereof, which heterocyclic group is optionally substituted at carbon or nitrogen atom(s) with halogen, —OH, —CF₃, —CN, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂, —CSNH₂, phenyl, benzyl or thienyl, or a carbon atom in the heterocyclic group together with an oxygen atom form a carbonyl group, or which heterocyclic group is optionally fused with a phenyl group. The phrase “5 or 6 membered heterocyclic group” includes, but is not limited to, 5-membered heterocycles having one hetero atom (e.g. thiophenes, pyrroles, furans); 5-membered heterocycles having two heteroatoms in 1,2 or 1,3 positions (e.g. oxazoles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, purines); 5-membered heterocycles having three heteroatoms (e.g. triazoles, thiadiazoles); 5-membered heterocycles having four heteroatoms; 6-membered heterocycles with one heteroatom (e.g. pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthridine, cyclohepta[b]pyridine); 6-membered heterocycles with two heteroatoms (e.g. pyridazines, cinnolines, phthalazines, pyrazines, pyrimidines, quinazolines); 6-membered heterocycles with three heteroatoms (e.g. 1,3,5-triazine); and 6-membered heterocycles with four heteroatoms.

[0033] In the present context, the term “protease” is intended to mean any hydrolase, peptidase, proteinase or enzyme having proteolytic activity as comprised in EC 3.4-3.11 and any modification thereof, which modification have retained the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme having protease activity may be derived by means involving the use of a microorganism or by recombinant means.

[0034] Suitable proteases according to the present invention include those of animal, vegetable or microbial origin. Microbial origin is preferred. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. The protease may be a serine protease or a metallo protease, e.g. an alkaline microbial protease or a trypsin-like protease. Examples of alkaline proteases are subtilisins, especially those derived from Bacillus, e.g., subtilisin Novo, subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin 309, subtilisin 147 and subtilisin 168 (described in WO 89/06279). Examples of trypsin-like proteases are trypsin (e.g. of porcine or bovine origin) and the Fusarium protease described in WO 89/06270 and WO 94/25583.

[0035] Other examples of useful proteases are the variants described in WO 92/19729, WO 98/20115, WO 98/20116, and WO 98/34946, especially the variants with substitutions in one or more of the following positions: 27, 36, 57, 76, 87, 97, 101, 104, 120,123, 167, 170, 194, 206, 218, 222, 224, 235 and 274.

[0036] Specific commercially available and useful protease enzymes include Alcalase®, Savinase®, Primase®, Duralase®, Esperase®, and Kannase® (Novo Nordisk AIS), Maxatase®, Maxacal®, Maxapem®, Properase®, Purafect®, Purafect OxP®, FN2™, and FN3™ (Genencor International Inc.).

[0037] In the present context, the term “lipase” is intended to mean any hydrolase or enzyme having lipolytic activity as comprised in EC 3.1.1-3.1.7, and any modification thereof, which modification have retained the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme having lipase activity may be derived by means involving the use of a microorganism or by recombinant means.

[0038] The parent lipolytic enzyme according to the present invention may be prokaryotic, particularly a bacterial enzyme, e.g. from Pseudomonas. Examples are Pseudomonas lipases, e.g. from P. cepacia (U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,694, pdb file 101L), P. glumae (N Frenken et al. (1992), Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 58 3787-3791, pdb files 1TAH and 1QGE), P. pseudoalcaligenes (EP 334 462) and Pseudomonas sp. strain SD 705 (FERM BP4772) (WO 95/06720, EP 721 981, WO 96/27002, EP 812 910). The P. glumae lipase sequence is identical to the amino acid sequence of Chromobacterium viscosum (DE 3908131 A1). Other examples are bacterial cutinases, e.g. from Pseudomonas such as P. mendocina (U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,536) or P. putida (WO 88/09367).

[0039] Alternatively, the parent lipolytic enzyme may be eukaryotic, e.g. a fungal lipolytic enzyme such as lipolytic enzymes of the Humicola family and the Zygomycetes family and fungal cutinases.

[0040] The Humicola family of lipolytic enzymes consists of the lipase from H. lanuginosa strain DSM 4109 and lipases having more than 50% homology with said lipase. The lipase from H. lanuginosa (synonym Thermnomyces lanuginosus) is described in EP 258 068 and EP 305 216, and has the amino acid sequence shown in positions 1-269 of SEQ ID NO: 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,438.

[0041] The Humicola family also includes the following lipolytic enzymes: lipase from Penicillium camembertii (P25234), lipase/phospholipase from Fusarium oxysporum (EP 130064, WO 98/26057), lipase from F. heterosporum (R87979), lysophospholipase from Aspergillus foetidus (W33009), phospholipase A1 from A. oryzae (JP-A 10-155493), lipase from A. olyzae (D85895), lipase/ferulic acid esterase from A. niger (Y09330), lipase/ferulic acid esterase from A. tubingensis (Y09331), lipase from A. tubingensis (WO 98145453), lysophospholipase from A. niger (WO 98/31790), lipase from F. solani having an isoelectric point of 6.9 and an apparent molecular weight of 30 kDa (WO 96/18729).

[0042] The Zygomycetes family comprises lipases having at least 50% homology with the lipase of Rhizomucor miehei (P19515). This family also includes the lipases from Absidia reflexa, A. sporophora, A. corymbifera, A. blakesleeana, A. griseola (all described in WO 96/13578 and WO 97/27276) and Rhizopus oryzae (P21811). Numbers in parentheses indicate publication or accession to the EMBL, GenBank, GeneSeqp or Swiss-Prot databases.

[0043] In the present context the term “esterase” is intended to mean any enzymes capable of hydrolyzing and forming an ester bond.

[0044] In the present context the term “cutinase” is intended to mean any enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the substrate cutin.

[0045] Examples of fungal cutinases according to the present invention are the cutinases of Fusarium solani pisi (S. Longhi et al., Journal of Molecular Biology, 268 (4), 779-799 (1997)) and Humicola insolens (U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,719).

[0046] The term “solvent” as used herein refers to a solvent wherein the described reactions can take place.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment, the term “solvent” as used herein refers to an organic solvent, a mixture of organic solvents, an organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents and water containing salts or no salts buffered or non buffered, water containing salts buffered or not buffered a two phase system comprising an organic and an aqueous phase, emulsions and suspensions.

[0048] In another preferred embodiment, the term “solvent” as used herein refers to an organic solvent, a mixture of organic solvents, an organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents and water containing salts or no salts buffered or non buffered, water containing salts buffered or not buffered, a two phase system comprising of an organic and aqueous phase, emulsions and suspensions where “organic solvent” refers to e.g. hydrocarbons as e.g. hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, xylenes, ketones as e.g. tert-butyl-methylketone, methylisopropylketone, 2-butanone, acetone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, ethers as e.g. diethylether, tert-butylmethylether, isopropyl-methylether, dioxane, dibutylether, dioxolane, anisole, and tetra-hydrofuran, nitrites as e.g. acetonitrile and 3-hydroxyproplonitrile, polar solvents as e.g. di-methylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, sulfolane, dimethylpropylurea (DMPU), glyoxal, acids as e.g. acetic acid and formic acid, aldehydes as e.g. acetaidehyde, halogenated hydrocarbons as e.g. dichloromethane, trichloroethane, chloroform, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and dichloroethane, esters as e.g. ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, or tert-butyl acetate, straight or branched alcohols as e.g. 2-methyl-2-butanol, tert-butanol, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, and iso-propanol.

[0049] In another preferred embodiment, the term “solvent” as used herein refers to buffered (e.g. phosphate, acetate), non buffered water, or buffered or non buffered water containing a water miscible organic solvent such as acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or 2-methyl-2-pentanone or ethers, such as tert-butyl methyl ether, saturated or not saturated with water.

[0050] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the term “solvent” as used herein refers to an organic solvent, a mixture of organic solvents, an organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents and water containing salts or no salts buffered or non buffered, water containing salts buffered or not buffered, a two phase system comprising of an organic and aqueous phase, emulsions and suspensions where “organic solvent” refers to e.g. hydrocarbons as e.g. hexane and heptane, ketones as e.g. tert-butyl-methylketone, 2-butanone and acetone, 2-methyl-2-pentanone, ethers as e.g. diethylether, tert-butylmethylether, isopropyl-methylether and tetrahydrofuran, nitriles as e.g. acetonitrile and 3-hydroxypropionitrile, di-methylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, sulfolane, dimethylpropylurea (DMPU), glyoxal, acids as e.g. acetic acid and formic acid, aldehydes as e.g. acetaldehyde, halogenated hydrocarbons as e.g. dichloromethane and dichloroethane, esters as e.g. tert-butyl acetate, straight or branched alcohols as e.g. 2-methyl-2-butanol, tert-butanol, methanol, ethanol, propanol or iso-propanol.

[0051] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the term “solvent” as used herein refers to buffered (such as phosphate, acetate), non buffered water, or buffered or non buffered water containing an organic solvent such as acetonitrile or 2-methyl-2-pentanone.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 3-9 at 5-80° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 3-9 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.

[0054] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 3-9 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 3-9 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide.

[0056] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 4-8 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.

[0057] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 4-8 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.

[0058] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 4-8 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.

[0059] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-40° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.

[0060] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-40° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.

[0061] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-40° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.

[0062] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.

[0063] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally add-added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.

[0064] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.

[0065] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-7 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.

[0066] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-7 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.

[0067] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-7 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.

[0068] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in ethers or hydrocarbons or ketones or halogenated hydrocarbons.

[0069] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in ethers or hydrocarbons.

[0070] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in alcohols.

[0071] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in the alcohol, which is used as the nucleophile in the esterification reaction.

[0072] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in methanol, or 2-propanol, or ethanol, or 1-propanol.

[0073] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 30-85° C. in ethers or hydrocarbons.

[0074] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 30-85° C. in ethers as tert-butyl methyl ether.

[0075] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 50-60° C. in tert-butyl methyl ether.

[0076] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CF₃, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, —CONH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₆-alkyl, or R¹ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —CONH₂.

[0077] In another preferred embodiment R² is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CF₃, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, —CONH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₄-alkyl, or R² is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —CONH₂.

[0078] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —₃, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C,alkoxy, C₁-alkylthio, —CONH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl, or R³ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —CONH₂.

[0079] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, or R¹ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy.

[0080] In another preferred embodiment R² is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio, or R² is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy.

[0081] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-calkylthio, or R³ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy.

[0082] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio.

[0083] In another preferred embodiment R² is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio.

[0084] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0085] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0086] In another preferred embodiment R² is straight or branched C₄₋₂₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₈₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0087] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0088] In another even more preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl.

[0089] In another preferred embodiment R² is straight or branched C₄₋₂₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₈₋₃₀-alkenynyl.

[0090] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl.

[0091] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0092] In another preferred embodiment R² is straight or branched C₄₋₂₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0093] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0094] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆alkoxy.

[0095] In another preferred embodiment R² is straight or branched C₄₋₂₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy.

[0096]

[0097] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy.

[0098] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆alkoxy.

[0099] In another preferred embodiment R² is straight or branched C₈₋₂₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy.

[0100] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆alkoxy.

[0101] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-hexyl, or eth-oxyethyl.

[0102] In another preferred embodiment R² is n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl or 3-methyl-1-butyl.

[0103] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CN, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0104] In another preferred embodiment R³ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, o-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, p-octyl, 1-decanyl, 1-docecyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, ethoxyethyl, 4,4,4-trfluorobutyl, 2-(methylmercapto)ethyl, 5-hexen-1-yl, 3-cyanopropyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3-chloro-1-propyl, citronellyl, 3-cyclohexyl-1-propyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propyl.

[0105] In another preferred embodiment R³ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-decanyl, 1-docecyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, ethoxyethyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3-cyclohexyl-1-propyl, 3-phenylpropyl.

[0106] In another preferred embodiment R² is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, or ethoxyethyl and R¹ and R³ independently are straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkyl.

[0107] In another preferred embodiment R¹ and R³ independently are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, butyl, or ethoxyethyl and R² is straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkyl.

[0108] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-hexyl, or ethoxyethyl and R² is n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl or 3-methyl-1-butyl.

[0109] In another preferred embodiment R² is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-hexyl, or ethoxyethyl and R¹ is n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl or 3-methyl-1-butyl.

[0110] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0111] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₉-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0112] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₆-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl.

[0113] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl.

[0114] In another preferred embodiment R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0115] In another preferred embodiment R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.

[0116] In another preferred embodiment R³ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-decanyl, or 1-dodececyl.

[0117] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the enzyme is a protease.

[0118] In another preferred embodiment of the invention the protease is a commercial protease such as Alcalase® (produced by submerged fermentation of a strain of Bacillus licheniformis), Esperase® (produced by submerged fermentation of an alkalophilic species of Bacillus), Rennilase® (produced by submerged fermentation of a non-pathogenic strain of Mucor miehei), Savinase® (produced by submerged fermentation of a genetically modified strain of Bacillus), e.g. the variants disclosed in the International Patent Application published as WO 92119729, and Durazym® (a protein-engineered variant of Savinase®). Also Everlase® and Kannase® are useful. All the mentioned commercial proteases are produced and sold by Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark. Further useful commercial proteases are MAXATASEO from International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. (The Netherlands) and proteases made by Genencor International, Inc., according to one or more of the following patents: Caldwell et al, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,185,258, 5,204,015 and 5,244,791, e.g. Properase®. The patent references disclosed in the above paragraph are hereby incorporated in their entireties in this patent application.

[0119] Other preferred serine-proteases are proteases from Nocardiopsis, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Bacillus alcalophilus, B. cereus, N. natto, B. vulgatus, B. mycoide, and subtilisins from Bacillus, especially proteases from the species Nocardiopsis sp. and Nocardiopsis dassonvillei such as those disclosed in the International Patent Application published as WO 88/03947, especially proteases from the species Nocardiopsis sp., NRRL 18262, and Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, NRRL 18133. Yet other preferred proteases are the serine proteases from mutants of Bacillus subtilisins disclosed in the International Patent Application No. PCT/DK89/00002 and in the International Patent Application published as WO 91100345, and the proteases disclosed in EP 415 296.

[0120] Another preferred class of proteases are the metallo-proteases of microbial origin. Conveniently, conventional fermented commercial proteases are useful. Examples of such a commercial protease is Neutrase® (Zn) (produced by submerged fermentation of a strain of Bacillus subtilis), which is produced and sold by Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark. The patent references disclosed in the above paragraph are hereby incorporated in their entireties in this patent application.

[0121] Other preferred commercial protease enzyme preparations are Bactosol® WO and Bactosol® SI, available from Sandoz AG, Basle, Switzerland; Toyozyme®, available from Toyo Boseki Co. Ltd., Japan; and Proteinase K® (produced by submerged fermentation of a strain of Bacillus sp. KSM-K16), available from Kao Corporation Ltd., Japan.

[0122] Still other preferred proteases include Protease A (see European Patent Application 130,756, published Jan. 9, 1985); Protease B (see European Patent Application Serial No. 87303761.8, filed Apr. 28, 1987, and European Patent Application 130,756, Bott et al, published Jan. 9, 1985). The patent references disclosed in the above paragraph are hereby incorporated in their entireties in this patent application.

[0123] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the protease is selected from the following:

[0124] Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin I) from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0125] Kannase a variant of Savinase from Bacillus clausii,

[0126] Trypsin like protease from Fusarium Oxysporum,

[0127] Alp protease (or oryzin) from Aspergillus Oryzae,

[0128] Protease 2A from Aspergillus Oryzae,

[0129] C-component from Bacillus Licheniformis,

[0130] Protease 1 (or Aspergillopepsin II) from Aspergillus Aculeatus,

[0131] NpI protease (or Neutral proteinase I or Fungalysin) from Aspergillus Oryzae,

[0132] NpII protease from Aspergillus Oryzae,

[0133] Pepsin A protease from Aspergillus Oryzae,

[0134] PD 498 protease from Bacillus sp.,

[0135] Glycine specific protease from Papaya,

[0136] alpha-chymotrypsine type II from bovine pancreas,

[0137] alpha-chymotrypsine type VII from bovine pancreas,

[0138] Proteinase 2A from Aspergillus Oryzae,

[0139] Protease from Pseudomonas putida, e.g. Novozym 180,

[0140] Proteinase 6 from Aspergillus Oryzae,

[0141] Flavourzymes from Aspergillus Oryzae.

[0142] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the protease is produced by or can be isolated from Aspergillus, Bacillus, Fusarium, Papaya, bovine pancreas.

[0143] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the protease is produced by or can be isolated from Aspergillus aculeatus, Bacillus clausii, Fusarium Oxysporum, Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus Oryzae, Bacillus Licheniformis, Bacillus sp., Papaya, bovine pancreas.

[0144] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the enzyme is a lipase.

[0145] In another preferred embodiment of the present inventionthe enzyme is a lipase selected from yeast, e.g. Candida, lipases, bacterial, e.g. Pseudomonas or Bacillus, lipases; or fungal, e.g. Humicola or Rhizopus, lipases. More specifically, suitable lipases may be the Rhizomucor miehei lipase (e.g. prepared as described in EP 238 023; available from Novo Nordisk under the trade name Lipozyme™), Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase e.g. prepared as described in EP 305 216 (available from No vo Nordisk under the trade name Lipolase™), Humicola insolens lipase Humicola lanuginosa lipase, Pseudomonas stutzeri (eg. ATCC 19.154) lipase, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase, Candida antarctica lipase A or B, or lipases from rGPL, Absidia blakesleena, Absidia corymbifera, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum cyclopium, Penicillum crustosum, Penicillum expansum, Rhodotorula glutinis, Thiarosporella phaseolina, Rhizopus microsporus, Sporobolomyces shibatanus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Hansenula anomala, Geotricum penicillatum, Lactobacillus curvatus, Brochothrix thermosohata, Coprinus cinerius, Trichoderma harzanium, Trichoderma reesei, Rhizopus japonicus or Pseudomonas plantari. Other examples of suitable lipases may be variants of any one of the lipases mentioned above, e.g. as described in WO 92/05249 or WO 93/11254. Also suitable lipase enzymes for usage herein include those described in Japanese Patent Application 53,20487, laid open to public inspection on Feb. 24, 1978. This lipase is available from Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, under the trade name Lipase P “Amano,” herinafter referred to as “Amano-P.” Other commercial lipases include Amano-CES, lipases ex Chromobacter viscosum, e.g. Chromobacter viscosum var. lipolyticum NRRLB 3673, commercially available from Toyo Jozo Co., Tagata, Japan; and further Chromobacter viscosum lipases from U.S. Biochemical Corp., U.S.A. and Disoynth Co., The Netherlands, and lipases ex Pseudomonas gladioli. The patent references disclosed in the above paragraph are hereby incorporated in their entireties in this patent application.

[0146] In another preferred embodiment of the present the enzyme is a cutinase.

[0147] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the cutinase is from the organisms Fusarium solani pisi (S. Longhi et al., Journal of Molecular Biology, 268 (4), 779-799 (1997)) or Humicola insolens (U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,719).

[0148] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the enzyme is a phospholipase.

[0149] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the enzyme is an esterase.

[0150] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is an esterase from rabbit liver, Sigma E-9636, an esterase from porcine liver, Sigma E-7259, an esterase from hog pancreas, an esterase from hog liver, an esterase type V-S from electric eel, or an esterase from Pseudomonas putida.

[0151] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus Oryzae, or acetyl xylan esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus Oryzae.

[0152] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is produced by Aspergillus.

[0153] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is produced by Aspergillus aculeatus.

[0154] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is produced by Aspergillus oryzae.

[0155] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is produced by Aspergillus niger.

[0156] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is produced by Pseudomonas.

[0157] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is from a commercially available enzyme preparation expressed in Aspergillus aculeatus, or Aspergillus oryzae, or Aspergillus niger such as e.g. Pectinex™ Ultra SP-L, Pectinex™ BE, Flavourzyme™, Kojizyme™ 500 MG, Shearzyme™ 500L, Pectinex™ AFP L-2, Pectinex™ SMASH, Novozyme 188, Rheozyme® all available from Novo Nordisk A/S.

[0158] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae (IFO 4177 Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, Japan).

[0159] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the esterase is obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus aculeatus (CBS database N o. CBO590.94).

[0160] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the enzyme is a hydrolytic enzyme mixture, which contains two or more hydrolytic enzymes, such as a protease, a lipase, an esterase, a cutinase, or a phospholipase or three or more proteases, lipases, esterases, cutinases, or phospholipases.

[0161] In another preferred embodiment in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is produced by or can be isolated from Rhizopus, Humicola, Bacillus, Bovine pancreas, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Trypsin or Fusarium.

[0162] In another preferred embodiment in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is an esterase.

[0163] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention in relation to Process 1 the esterase is produced by Aspergillus.

[0164] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention in relation to Process 1 the esterase is produced by Aspergillus aculeatus.

[0165] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention in relation to Process 1 the esterase is produced by Aspergillus oryzae.

[0166] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention in relation to Process 1 the esterase is produced by Aspergillus niger.

[0167] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention in relation to Process 1 the esterase is from a commercially available enzyme preparation expressed in Aspergillus aculeatus, or Aspergillus oryzae, or Aspergillus niger such as e.g. Pectinex™ Ultra SP-L, Pectinex™ BE, Flavourzyme™, Kojizyme™ 500 MG, Shearzyme™ 500L, Pectinex™ AFP L-2, Pectinex™ SMASH, Novozyme 188, Rheozyme® all available from Novo Nordisk A/S.

[0168] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention in relation to Process 1 the esterase is obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae (IFO 4177 Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, Japan).

[0169] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention in relation to Process 1 the esterase is obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus aculeatus (CBS database No. CBS590.94).

[0170] In another preferred embodiment in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is selected from:

[0171]Rhizomucor miehei lipase,

[0172]Humicola lanuginosa lipase,

[0173] Esperase (Bacillus licheniformis protease),

[0174] Savinase (Bacillus clausii protease),

[0175] α-chymotrypsin from Bovine pancreas,

[0176] Protease from Pseudomonas putida, e.g. Novozym 180,

[0177] Proteinase 6 from Aspergillus sp.,

[0178] Flavourzyme from Aspergillus oryzae.

[0179] Protease 1 (or Aspergillopepsin II) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0180] Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin I) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0181] NpI protease (or Neutral proteinase I or Fungalysin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0182] Trypsin like protease from Fusarium oxysporum expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0183] Rheozyme, a pectin methyl esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0184] Alp. protease (or oryzin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0185] Protease 2A from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0186] Pectinex Ultra SP-L from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0187] Pectinex BE 3L from Aspergillus niger,

[0188] Kojizyme 50OMG from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0189] Ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0190] Acetyl xylan esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0191] Shearzyme 500L from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0192] Pectinex AFP L-2,

[0193] Pectinex SMASH,

[0194] Novozym 188 from Aspergillus niger,

[0195] Kannase, a variant of Savinase from Bacillus clausii,

[0196] Cutinase from Humicola insolens,

[0197] Hydrolytic enzyme mixture obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae.

[0198] In an even more preferred embodiment in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is selected from:

[0199] Protease 1 (or Aspergillopepsin II) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0200] Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin I) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0201] Protease NpI from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0202] NpI protease (or Neutral proteinase I or Fungalysin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0203] Trypsin like protease from Fusarium oxysporum expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0204] Rheozyme, a pectin methyl esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0205] Alp. protease (or oryzin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0206] Protease 2A from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0207] Pectinex Ultra SP-L from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0208] Pectinex BE 3L from Aspergillus niger,

[0209] Kojizyme 500MG from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0210] Ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0211] Acetyl xylan esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0212] Shearzyme 500L from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0213] Pectinex AFP L-2,

[0214] Pectinex SMASH,

[0215] Novozym 188 from Aspergillus niger,

[0216] Kannase, a variant of Savinase from Bacillus clausii,

[0217] Cutinase from Humicola insolens,

[0218] Hydrolytic enzyme mixture obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae.

[0219] In the most preferred embodiment in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is selected from:

[0220] Protease 1 (or Aspergillopepsin II) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0221] Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin 1) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0222] Protease NpI from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0223] NpI protease (or Neutral proteinase I or Fungalysin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0224] Trypsin like protease from Fusarium oxysporum expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0225] Rheozyme, a pectin methyl esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0226] Alp. protease (or oryzin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0227] Protease 2A from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0228] Pecfinex Ultra SP-L from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0229] Pectinex BE 3L from Aspergillus niger,

[0230] Kojizyme 500MG from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0231] Ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus oryzae,

[0232] Acetyl xylan esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0233] Shearzyme 500L from Aspergillus aculeatus,

[0234] PectinexAFP L-2,

[0235] Pectinex SMASH,

[0236] Novozym 188 from Aspergillus niger,

[0237] Hydrolytic enzyme mixture obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae.

[0238] In another preferred embodiment in relation to Process 2, the enzyme is from the Rhizopus family.

[0239] In another preferred embodiment in relation to Process 3, the enzyme is from the Rhizopus family.

[0240] In another preferred embodiment in relation to Process 2, the enzyme is Rhizomucor miehei lipase.

[0241] In another preferred embodiment in relation to Process 3, the enzyme is Rhizomucor miehei lipase.

[0242] In a preferred embodiment in relation to Process 1, R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl or ethoxyethyl, the enzyme is a hydrolase or an esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus or Aspergillus oryzae, the pH of the reaction mixture is from 4 to 8, the reaction mixture contains water and from 0 to 15% organic solvent, and the temperature is from 15 to 40° C.

[0243] In an even more preferred embodiment in relation to Process 1, R¹ is straight or branched Cl-₃-alkyl or ethoxyethyl, the enzyme is a hydrolase or an esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus or Aspergillus oryzae, the pH of the reaction mixture is from 5 to 7, the reaction mixture contains water and from 0 to 5% organic solvent, and the temperature is from 20 to 30° C.

EXAMPLES

[0244] The starting compounds can be prepared according to known literature procedures as Geoffrey G. Cox et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 35, 3139, 1994. A general description is given below:

[0245] 2-Ethoxyethyl (2RS) 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-ethoxypropanoatete

[0246] The ester can be prepared by acid catalysed esterification of 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-ethoxypropanoic acid with/in 2-ethoxyethanol. Isocratic HPLC method 2 (4.34 min.): 97.6%

[0247] 2-Propyl (2RS) 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-ethoxvpropanoate

[0248] The ester can be prepared by acid catalysed esterification of 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-ethoxypropanoic acid with/in 2-propanol. Isocratic HPLC method 2 (4.96 min.): 98.4%

[0249] Hexyl (2RS) 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-ethoxypropanoate

[0250] The ester can be prepared by acid catalysed esterification of 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-ethoxypropanoic acid with/in 1-hexanol. Isocratic HPLC method 2 (8.57 min.): 92.2%

[0251] Ethyl (2RS) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0252] The title compound can be prepared as described by Geoffrey G. Cox et al. for the methyl ester. Isocratic HPLC method 2 (2.88): 95.6%; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.18 (dt, 6H); 2.93 (d, 2H); 3.38 (m, I H); 3.60 (m, 1H); 4.01 (t, 1H); 4.15 ((q, 2H); 6.01 (bs, 1H); 6.72 (d, 2H); 7.06 (d, 2H).

[0253] 2-Ethoxyethyl (2RS) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0254] The de-benzylated ester was prepared by a standard palladium on charcoal catalytic low pressure hydrogenation in ethanol of 2-ethoxyethyl (2RS) 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-ethoxypropanoate. Isocratic HPLC method 2 (2.85 min.): 99.6%; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.17 (dt, 6H); 2.95 (dd, 2H); 3.32 (m, 1H); 3.51 (q, 2H); 3.55-3.68 (m, 3H); 4.01 (t, 1H); 4.25 (t, 2H); 5.92 (s, 1H); 6.72 (d, 2H); 7.08 (d, 2H).

[0255] 2-Propyl (2RS) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0256] The de-benzylated ester was prepared by a standard palladium on charcoal catalytic low pressure hydrogenation in ethanol of 2-Propyl (2RS) 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]2-ethoxypropanoate. Isocratic HPLC method 2 (3.0 min.): 99.0%; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.19 (dt, 6H); 2.93 (d, 2H); 3.38 (m, 1H); 3.59 (m, 1H); 3.96 (t, 1H); 5.03 (m, 1H); 5.63 (bs, 1H); 6.72 (d, 2H); 7.10 (d, 2H).

[0257] Hexyl (2RS) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0258] The de-benzylated ester was prepared by a standard palladium on charcoal catalytic low pressure hydrogenation in ethanol of hexyl (2RS) 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-ethoxypropanoate. Isocratic HPLC method 2 (3.9 min.): 98.0%; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: =0.89 (t, 3H), 1.19 (t, 3H); 1.28 (m, 6H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 2.93 (d, 2H); 3.38 (m, 1H); 3.59 (m, 1H); 3.98 (t, 1H); 4.07 (t, 2H), 5.65 (bs, 1H), 6.73 (d, 2H), 7.09 (d, 2H).

[0259] (2RS) 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-ethoxy-propanoic Acids

[0260] The title compounds were prepared from the corresponding esters by basic hydrolysis using standard procedures. Chromatographic methods: Isocratic HPLC method 1 Conditions: Column: 250 × 4.0 mm, 5 mm C-18 YMC-Silica 120 Å Flow: 0.9 ml/min Detector wavelength: 220 nm. Run time: 30 min. HPLC eluent: 50% acetonitrile at pH 3: Isocratic HPLC method 2 Conditions: Column: 250 × 4.0 mm, 5 mm C-18 YMC-Silica 120 Å Flow: 0.9 ml/min Detector wavelength: 220 nm. Run time: 30 min. HPLC eluent: 90% methanol at pH 7 (pH adjusted with triethylamine and phosphoric acid) Gradient HPLC method 1 (ethyl, 2-propyl, ethoxyethyl esters and the corresponding acids) Conditions: Column: Nucleosil C18 60*4 Detector wavelength: 225 nm/275 nm HPLC eluent: A: Water with trifluoroacetic acid 0.01% B: Acetonitrile with trifluoroacetic acid 0.01% Timetable: time (min) B % Flow (ml/mn) 0 0 1.8 0.01 0 2.7 6 100 2.7 6.2 100 2.7 6.3 0 2.7 6.9 0 2.7 7 0 1.8 Gradient HPLC method 2 (ethyl and decyl esters) Conditions: Column: Nucleosil C18 60*4 Detector wavelength: 225 nm/275 nm Run time: 55 min. HPLC eluent: A: Water with trifluoroacetic acid 0.01% B: Acetonitrile with trifluoroacetic acid 0.01% Timetable: time (min) B % Flow (ml/mn) 0 0 1.8 0.01 0 2.7 2.7 45 2.7 4 100 2.7 5.4 100 2.7 55 0 1.8 Gradient HPLC method 3 (ethyl ester and the corresponding acid) Conditions: Column: 250 × 4.0 mm, 5 mm C-18 YMC-Silica 120 Å Detector wavelength: 250 nm Run time: 40 min. HPLC eluent: A: 80% Water with phosphoric acid 0.1%/20% acetonitrile B: Acetonitrile with phosphoric acid 0.1% Timetable: time (min) B % Flow (ml/mn) 0 0 1.0 25 75 1.0 30 75 1.0 31 0 1.0 40 0 1.0

[0261] Sample Preparation for Chiral HPLC Methods:

[0262] A sample of the reaction mixture (200 μl) was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 μl). The organic phase was evaporated and dissolved in a mixture of n-heptane and 2-propanol (85/15) (200 μl). Chiral HPLC method 1 (ethyl ester) Conditions: Column: Chiracel OD 250*4.6 Flow: 1 ml/min Detector wavelength: 225/275 nm. Run time: 35 min. HPLC eluent: n-Heptane/2-propanol/acetic acid (95:5:0.1) Chiral HPLC method 2 (ethoxyethyl ester) Conditions: Column: Chiracel OD 250*4.6 Flow: 1 ml/min Detector wavelength: 225/275 nm. Run time: 45 min. HPLC eluent: A: n-Heptane/2-propanol/acetic acid (90:10:0.1) B: n-Heptane/acetic acid 0.1% A:B (60:40) Chiral HPLC method 3 (2-propyl ester) Conditions: Column: Chiralpak AS 250*4.6 Flow: 1 ml/min Detector wavelength: 225/275 nm. Run time: 40 min. HPLC eluent: n-Heptane/2-propanol/acetic acid (98:2:0.1) Chiral HPLC method 4 (decyl ester) Conditions: Column: Chiralpak AS 250*4.6 Flow: 0.9 ml/min Detector wavelength: 225/275 nm. Run time: 20 min. HPLC eluent: n-Heptane/2-propanol/acetic acid (97:3:0.1) Chiral HPLC method 5 Conditions: Column: Chiralpak AS 250*4.6 Flow: 1 ml/min Detector wavelength: 225 nm. Run time: 40 min. HPLC eluent: n-Heptane/2-propanol/trifluoroacetic acid (96:4:0.1)

[0263] Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis (CCE) Method 1

[0264] Conditions:

[0265] HP 3D Capillary Electrophoresis

[0266] 80.5/72.0 cm, 50,um HP bubble capillary.

[0267] Electrolyte was 10/90 ACN/10 mM SB-β-CD (Advasep), 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5 (HP).

[0268] Method:

[0269] The reaction mixture diluted to approximately 0.04 mg/ml was injected (20 mbar in 3.0 seconds). The Rs was 1.7 and the migration times for the carboxylic acid product was 19.1 min and 19.4 min.

[0270]Aspergillus oryzae IFO4177 was fermented using a fed-batch process with maltose/maltodextrin or glucose as the main carbon source. The batch medium contained: maltose/maltodextrin, ammonium sulphate, potassium-dihydrogenphosphate, yeast extract, beech xylan, MgSO4,7H2O, citric acid, potassium sulphate, trace metal solution and an anti-foam agent. All these components were used in concentrations all being within the range of 1-18 g/L final medium. The medium pH was considered a critical process parameter and kept at 4.5 throughout the fermentation. The feed consisted of maltoselmaltodextrin or glucose in the range of 280 g/L. 6.5 kg of batch medium was inoculated with 500 mL of seed culture. After 15-25 hours of batch fermentation the addition of feed was initiated using a feed addition rate of 15-25 g of feed per hour. This fed-batch state was continued for 100-160 hour of fermentation. Dissolved oxygen above 50% saturation was maintained by means of closed-loop control of the agitation rate. Aeration was kept at 1 volume air per volume batch medium per hour. A headspace pressure of 0.5 bar overpressure was maintained throughout the entire fermentation. After harvest of the broth, both biomass and un-dissolved matter was removed in a filtration step. The supernatant was concentrated by removal of water using ultrafiltration, evaporation or freeze drying.

Example 1

[0271] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0272] Ethyl (2RS) (1) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (100 mg) was dissolved in water saturated 4-methyl-2-pentanone (18 ml) at room temperature. Immobilised Mucor miehei lipase immobilised on accurel EP 100 load: 187 klu/g (1 mg was added and the reaction mixture was shaken. The conversion of the racemic or enantiomerically enriched mixture of the ester was followed by the described isocratic HPLC procedures 1 and 2. Stirring was stopped at different times and ½ ml of the reaction mixture without enzyme was removed. Stirring was stopped after 4 hours and the reaction mixture stored at 3° C. for 18 hours. After this period of time the stirring of the reaction mixture was continued at room temperature.

[0273] Conversion of starting material (isocratic HPLC method 1): Time/hours ½ 1 1½ 2 2½ 3 4 5 7 9 Product_(acid) (%) 10 18 25 31 36 40 46 58 61 64

[0274] The vial with the 4 and 9 hour sample was analysed by the CCE method:

[0275] Sample (4 h): Degree of conversion 51%; ee (ester): 69%.

[0276] Sample (9 h): Degree of conversion 79%; ee (ester): 81%.

Example 2

[0277] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0278] Ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (100 mg) was dissolved in water saturated 4-methyl-2-pentanone (18 ml) at room temperature. Immobilised Humicola lanuginosa lipase immobilised on accurel EP 100 load: 712 klu/g (0.5 mg) was added and the reaction mixture was shaken. The conversion of the racemic or enantiomerically enriched mixture of the ester was followed by the described isocratic HPLC procedures 1 and 2. The stirring was stopped at different times and ½ ml of the reaction mixture without enzyme was removed. The stirring was stopped after 4 hours and the reaction mixture stored at 3° C. for 18 hours. After this period of time the stirring of the reaction mixture was continued at room temperature.

[0279] Conversion of starting material (isocratic HPLC method 1): Time/hours ½ 1 1½ 2 2½ 3 4 5 7 9 Product_(acid) (%) 1.4 2.9 4.5 6.5 8 10 13 27 31 36

[0280] The vial with the 9 hour sample was analysed by the CCE method 1:

[0281] Sample (9 h): Degree of conversion 57%; ee (ester): 29%.

Example 3

[0282] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/2-Ethoxyethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0283] Ethoxyethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (0.5 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/ml in a phosphate, pH 7; 0.1 M, or acetate buffer, pH 5; 0.1 M) was added to the reaction vessel followed by an enzyme (0.5 ml enzyme solution). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times (maximum 36 h). The reaction mixture was analysed without work up by the gradient HPLC method 1, chiral HPLC methods 2 and 5, and by the CCE method 1.

[0284] Conversion of starting material: Origin Conc./ Buffer/ Gradient HPLC Chiral HPLC of Enzyme mg/ml pH 18 h 24 h 36 h or chiral CE/ee B. 5 pH 7 68% 71% 84% ee_(acid) = 14 licheniformis ^(a) (24 h) ee_(ester) = 19 (24 h) A. aculeatus ^(b) 6 pH 5 27% 33% 47% ee_(acid) = 96 (36 h) ee_(ester) = 78 (36 h) A. aculeatus ^(c) 2.5 pH 5 57% 58% 61% ee_(acid) = 84 (18 h) ee_(ester) ≈ 100 (18 h) A. oryzae ^(d) 1 pH 7 20% 25% 36% ee_(acid) = 96 (36 h) ee_(ester) = 58 (36 h)

Example 4

[0285] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0286] Ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (0.5 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/ml in a phosphate, pH 7; 0.1M, or acetate buffer, pH 5; 0.1 M) was added to the reaction vessel followed by an enzyme (0.5 ml enzyme solution). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times (maximum 36 h). The reaction mixture was analysed without work up by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by chiral HPLC methods 2 and 5.

[0287] Conversion of starting material: Origin Conc./ Buffer/ Gradient HPLC Chiral HPLC/ of Enzyme mg/ml pH 18 h 24 h 36 h ee Bacillus 2.5 pH 7  50% 100% ee_(ester) = 72 clausii ^(a) (24 h) Bacillus 7 pH 7 30%  50% 100% ee_(ester) = 91 clausii ^(b) (24 h) F. 7 pH 7 35%  50%  50% ee_(ester) = 97 oxysporium ^(c) (24 h) A. aculeatus ^(d) 6 pH 5^(i)  50%  50% ee_(ester) = 78 (24 h) A. aculeatus ^(e) 2.5 pH 5^(i) 50%  50%  50% ee_(ester) ≈ 100 (24 h) A. aculeatus ^(j) 9 pH 7  49% ee_(ester) ≈ 98% (24 h) Bovine 2.5 pH 7 85% 100% 100% ee_(ester) = 38 pancreas^(f) (3 h) Bovine 5 pH 7 50% 100% 100% ee_(ester) = 39 pancreas^(g) (3 h) A. oryzae ^(h) 3 pH 7 50%  50%  50% ee_(ester) = 97 (3 h)

Example 5

[0288] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Isopropyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0289] Isopropyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (0.5 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/ml in a phosphate, pH 7; 0.1 M, or acetate buffer, pH 5; 0.1 M) was added to the reaction vessel followed by an enzyme (0.5 ml enzyme solution). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times (maximum 28 h). The reaction mixture was analysed without work up by the gradient HPLC method 1, chiral HPLC methods 3 and 5, and by the CCE method 1.

[0290] Conversion of starting material: Origin Conc./ Buffer/ Gradient HPLC Chiral HPLC of Enzyme mg/ml pH 6 h 22 h 28 h or Chiral CE/ee F. 7 pH 7 23% 49% 49% ee_(ester) = 86 oxysporium ^(a) (28 h) ee_(acid) = 93 (28 h) A. aculeatus ^(b) 2.5 pH 5^(f) 54% 56% 53% ee_(ester) ≈ 100 (22 h) ee_(acid) = 97 (22 h) A. oryzae ^(d) 3 pH 7 57% 58% 54% ee_(ester) ≈ 100 (28 h) ee_(acid) = 86 (28 h) H. insolens ^(e) 5 pH 7 11^(g)% 15^(g)% 24^(g)% ee_(acid) = 79 (48 h)

Example 6

[0291] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid

[0292] Ethyl (2R/S) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (13 g) was added to an aqueous 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 (2.6 μl). Protease 2A from Aspergillus oryzae (Fluka No: 82463; 0.51 units/mg) (7.9 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 14 hours at room temperature. The conversion of ester to acid was followed by the described isocratic HPLC method 1. After stirring for 6 hours the reaction mixture was extracted 5× with ethyl acetate until no more ester could be detected in the aqueous phase (pH of the aqueous phase 6.8). A 4 M aqueous hydrogen chloride solution (200 ml) was added (pH of the aqueous phase 1) followed by tert-butyl-methylether (500 ml). The emulsion was filtered through hyflo and the two phases separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with tert-butyl-methylether (500 ml×3). The pooled organic phases were dried with Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to give 4.9 g of the title product (CCE method 1: ee=97%). δ(400 MHz; [² H₆]DMSO) 1.04 (3H, t); 2.78 (2H, ddd), 3.38 (1H, dq); 3.49 (1H, dq); 3.90 (1H, m), 6.62 (2H, d); 7.0 (2H, d); 9.1 (1H, bs); 12.53 (1H, bs).

[0293] Conversion of starting material (isocratic HPLC method 1): Time/hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 Product_(acid) (%) 9 17 25 32 38 42

Example 7

[0294] (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/2-Ethoxyethyl (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0295] Ethoxyethyl (2RS) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (0.5 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/ml in a phosphate, pH 7, 0.1 M) was added followed by immobilised protease from Pseudomonas putida (L-aminopeptidase, available as Novozym 180 or SP 180 from Novo Nordisk) (5 mg) and phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7, 0.5 ml); The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times (maximum 36 h). The reaction mixture was analysed without work up by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by the chiral HPLC method.

[0296] Conversion of starting material: Time/hours 18 24 36 Product_(acid) (%) 49 36 46 Product_(Acid) (ee) 37 43 40

Example 8

[0297] (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Isopropyl (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0298] Isopropyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (0.5 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/ml in a phosphate buffer, 0.1 M, pH 7) was added followed by α-chymotrypsin type II from bovine pancreas (SIGMA) (2.5 mg in a phosphate buffer. 0.1M, pH 7, 0.5 ml). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times (maximum 28 h). The reaction mixtures were analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by the chiral HPLC method.

[0299] Conversion of starting material: Time/hours 6 22 28 Product_(Acid) (%) 22 53 52 Product_(ester) (ee) 44 52 Product_(acid) (ee) 65 58

Example 9

[0300] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0301] Ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate 0.4 ml of a solution containing 6.25 mg/ml in acetate buffer (0.1 M, pH 5 with acetonitrile 12.5 vol. % added to the buffer) was added followed by a sample of Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin I) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae (WO95/02044; Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, Barrett, Rawlings, and Woessner Eds., 1998, Academic Press ref.1 chap. 294) (0.1 ml of a solution containing 5 mg/ml) in an acetate buffer (0.1 M; pH=5). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times (maximum 24 h). The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by the chiral HPLC method 1.

[0302] Conversion of starting material: Time/hours 5 8 24 Product_(acid) (%) 35 43 50 Product_(Acid) (ee) ≧95 ≧95 ≧95 Product_(Ester) (ee) 52 74 ≈100

Example 10

[0303] n-Decyl (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoatel Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0304] Ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (9 mg) was added to a solution containing: Immobilised Mucor miehei lipase immobilised on accurel EP 100 load :187 klu/g (18 mg), n-decanol 14 μl, heptane 0.9 ml and 4A molecular sieves. The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times (maximum 7 h). The reaction mixtures were analysed by the gradient HPLC method 2 and by the chiral HPLC method 4.

[0305] Conversion of starting material: Time/hours 3 7 Product_(acid) (%) 46 46 Decyl ester (ee) 86 68 Ethyl ester (ee) 70 67

Example 11

[0306] Esterification of (2RS)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid with n-alkyl Alcohols

[0307] (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (100 mg) and the respective n-alkyl alcohol (1.2 eq.) dissolved in 1 ml tert-butyl methyl ether (TMBE) were shaken together with 10 mg of Lipozyme IM (immobilised Mucor miehei lipase commercially available from Novo Nordisk) at 25° C. (40° C. for MeOH). The reaction mixture was analysed at different times by the chiral CCE method 2.

[0308] Yield and ee of the respective ester after 48 h and 144 h: Product_(ester) (ee)_(ester) (ee)_(acid) Product_(ester) (ee)_(ester) (ee)_(acid) Alcohol 48 h (%) 48 h (%) 48 h (%) 144 h (%) 144 h (%) 144 h (%) Methanol 33 n.d. 40 n.d. n.d. n.d. Ethanol 28 89 34 40 78 48 1-Propanol 31 86 32 43 64 61 1-Butanol 18 89 14 38 78 72 1-Pentanol 20 n.d. 18 39 n.d. 69 1-Hexanol 15 n.d. 20 40 n.d. 69 1-Heptanol 20 77 20 43 61 70 1-Octanol 19 91 22 45 49 66 1-Dodecanol n.d. 18 20 43 44 64 3-Methyl-1- 24 30 20 42 49 63 butanol 4-Methyl-1- 18 22 14 42 n.d. 68 pentanol 2-Propanol n.d. n.d. n.d.  6 >99   6

Example 12

[0309] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0310] Ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (0.5 g) was shaken with 60 mg of the lyophilised hydrolytic enzyme mixture from Aspergillus oryzae in 1 ml 1M phosphate buffer (pH=7) with organic co-solvents (according to the table below) at 27° C. The reaction 10 mixture was poured into 20 ml MeOH after 4h to stop the enzymatic reactions followed by analysis by the chiral CCE method 2. Co-solvent Product_(acid) (%) (ee)_(acid) (%) Acetone/0.1 ml 37 93 Acetone/0.3 ml 31 94 THF/0.1 ml 36 94 THF/0.2 ml 31 93 THF/0.3 ml 21 91 2-Propanol/0.1 ml 36 97 2-Propanol/0.3 ml 27 93 Ethanol/0.1 ml 35 96 Ethanol/0.2 ml 32 96 Ethanol/0.3 ml 22 93

Example 13

[0311] Esterification of Enantiomerically Enriched (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid with Ethanol

[0312] Enantiomerically enriched (2S) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and ethanol (1.5-2 eq.) dissolved in tert-butyl methyl ether (4-10 ml /g of acid) were stirred together with 10-30 wt. %_(/acid) of Lipozyme IM (immobilised Mucor miehei lipase commercially available from Novo Nordisk) at ambient temperature or at reflux. The reaction mixtures were analysed by the chiral CCE method 2 when the conversions (determined by gradient HPLC method 3) reported in the table below were reached.

[0313] Yield and ee of the starting acid and the final ethyl ester. Entry (ee)_(acid) Product_(ester) (%) Product_(ester) (ee_(%)) 1 94 86 98 2 96 93 99 3 99 93 >99 4 93 85 99 5 79 76 97 6 89 93 98 7 91 88 99 8 96 92 99

Example 14

[0314] Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0315] Enantiomerically enriched (ee R_(enaiomer)=60%) ethyl 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (5.2 g) was dissolved in 30 ml acetone and added to an aqueous 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 (1.0 l). Protease 2A from Aspergillus oryzae (Fluka No: 82463; 0.51 units/mg) (13 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 3 days at room temperature. The reaction mixture was extracted 4× with 200 ml TBME. After drying of the combined organic phases over Na₂SO₄and evaporation of the TBME, 4.3 g of ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate was obtained as an oil (CCE method 2: ee=100%).

[0316] Conversion of starting material (isocratic HPLC method 1): Time/hours 8 72 Product_(acid) (%) 14 25

Example 15

[0317] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0318] Ethyl (2R/S) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (5 g) was added to an aqueous 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 (10 ml). Pectinex Ultra SP-L (Novo Nordisk) (15 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 44 hours at room temperature. During that time, the pH of the reaction mixture was kept constant at pH=7 by addition of NaOH. Most of the water was evaporated in vacuo. Methanol was added to the remaining slurry in order to stop the hydrolysis. The precipitate, which formed was filtered off and the methanol was evaporated in vacuo. The remaining oil was dissolved in water followed by extraction of unreacted ester with TMBE (CCE method 2: ee_(ester)=100%). The water phase was acidified to pH=3 and the acid extracted with TMBE. After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of the TMBE, 1.7 g (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid was obtained as an oil, which crystallized own standing (CCE method 2: ee_(acid)=98%).

Example 16

[0319] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0320] Ethyl (2R/S) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (5 g) was added to an aqueous 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 (10 ml). 100 mg of the lyophilised hydrolytic enzyme mixture from Aspergillus oryzae was added and the mixture was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature. During that time, the pH of the reaction mixture was kept constant at pH=6-8 by addition of NaOH. Most of the water was evaporated in vacuo. Methanol was added to the remaining slurry in order to stop the hydrolysis. The precipitate, which formed was filtered off and the methanol was evaporated in vacuo. The remaining oil was dissolved in water followed by extraction of unreacted ester with TMBE (CCE method 2: ee_(ester)=87%). The water phase was acidified to pH=3 and the acid extracted with TMBE. After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of the TMBE, 1.8 g (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid was obtained as an oil, which crystallized on standing (m.p.=105° C., CCE method 2: ee_(acid)=>99%).

Example 17

[0321] n-Decyl (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0322] To ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (5 mg) in solution in heptane (dried on 4 Å molecular sieves) (1 ml), triethylamine (0.4 pl) and n-decanol (8 μl), were added 4 Å molecular sieves and Rhizopus arrhizus lipase (Fluka 62305; 2.2U/g) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixtures were analysed by the gradient HPLC method 2 and by the chiral HPLC method 4.

[0323] Conversion of starting material: Time/hours 24 72 Product (decane ester) (%) 29 47 Decane ester (% ee) 47

Example 18

[0324] n-Decyl (2S)-2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0325] To ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (5 mg) in solution in heptane (dried on 4 Å molecular sieves) (0.5 ml), triethylamine (0.4 μl) and n-decanol (8 μl) were added 4 Å molecular sieves and Aspergillus niger lipase (Fluka 62294; 1U/mg) (40 mg). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixtures were analysed by the gradient HPLC method 2 and by the chiral HPLC method 4.

[0326] Conversion of starting material: Time/hours 24 72 Decyl ester (%) 31 47 % ee_(decyl ester) 56

Example 19

[0327] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0328] To ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (0.5 ml of a solution containing 1 mg/ml in a phosphate or citrate-phosphate 0.1 M buffer) was added the enzyme (amount indicated below). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by chiral HPLC.

[0329] Conversion of starting material: Enzyme Buffer/ Reaction % Enzyme amount pH time product ee_(product) Proteinase 6^(a)  0.5 mg pH 7^(h) 96 h 46 47 Flavourzyme^(b) 250 μl pH 7^(i) 23 h 39 50 Pectinex BE 3 L^(c) 100 μl pH 5^(i)  5 mn 47 95 Kojizyme 500 MG^(d)  10 mg pH 6^(i) 50 mn 45 98 Ferulic acid 200 μl pH 7^(i) 23 h 49 98 esterase^(e) Acetyl xylan 100 μl pH 7^(h) 26 h 47 99 Esterase^(f) Pectinex Ultra 250 μl pH 7^(h) 15 mn 46 99 SP-L^(g)

Example 20

[0330] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Hexyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0331] To hexyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (0.5 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/ml in a phosphate, pH 7; 0.1M, or acetate buffer, pH 5; 0.1 M) was added the enzyme (0.5 ml enzyme solution). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times (maximum 30 h). The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1, and the chiral CE method 1.

[0332] Conversion of starting material: Conc./ Buffer/ % Hydrolysis Origin of Enzyme mg/ml pH 6 h 24 h 30 h % ee_(acid) B. clausii ^(a) 7 pH7^(e) 52% 20 (6 h) B. licheniformis ^(b) 5 pH7^(e) 14% 45% 20 (24 h) A. aculeatus ^(c) 2 pH5^(f) 42% 97 (6 h) A. oryzae ^(d) 1 pH7^(e) 12% 32% 48% 89 (30 h) #Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae (EMBL ID = AC = AF099904; Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, Barrett, Rawlings, and Woessner Eds., 1998, Academic Press ref. 1 chap. 514); ^(e)Phosphate buffer 0.1 M; ^(f)Acetate buffer 0.1 M

Example 21

[0333] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0334] The enzyme (100 μl)^(a) was added to ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (2.5 mg in solution in acetate buffer 0.1M pH 5 (350 μl) and an organic co-solvent according to the table below) (50 μl)). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by chiral CE method 1.

[0335] Conversion of starting material: % hydrolysis Co-solvent 1 h 30 2 h 30 4 h 5 h % ee_(acid) t-Butanol 27 36 43 46 99 (5 h) Acetone 28 37 44 47 99 (5 h) DMF 24 33 40 44 99 (5 h) DMSO 35 42 47 49 99 (5 h)

Example 22

[0336] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate

[0337] To ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate (0.25 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/ml in phosphate 0.1 M buffer pH 7) was added the enzyme (amount indicated below) diluted in phosphate buffer 0.1M pH 7 (buffer volume such as total reaction mixture volume was 0.5 ml). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by the chiral CE method 2.

[0338] Conversion of starting material: Enzyme Reaction % Enzyme amount time product ee_(product) Pectinex Smash^(a) 10 μl  1 h 15 46 99% Pectinex AFP L-2^(b) 10 μl  1 h 46 98% Novozyme 188^(c) 50 μl 37 mn 47 98% Shearzyme 500 L^(d) 50 μl 37 mn 42 99%

Example 23

[0339] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic Acid/Isopropyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate

[0340] To isopropyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate (0.25 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/ml in phosphate buffer 0.1 M pH 7 and acetonitrile 10% (v/v)) was added the enzyme (amount indicated below) diluted in phosphate buffer 0.1M pH 7 (buffer volume such as total reaction mixture volume was 0.5 ml). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1, and the chiral CE method 2.

[0341] Conversion of starting material: Enzyme Reaction % Enzyme amount time product ee_(product) Pectinex Smash^(a) 10 μl 1 h 15 46 ≈100% Pectinex AFP L-2^(b) 10 μl 1 h 30 46 99% Novozyme 188^(c) 25 μl 1 h 10 48 98% Shearzyme 500 L^(d) 25 μl 1 h 30 48 99%

Example 24

[0342] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic Acid/Ethoxyethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate

[0343] To ethoxyethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate (0.25 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/ml in phosphate buffer 0.1M pH 7) was added the enzyme (amount indicated below) diluted in phosphate buffer 0.1M pH 7 (buffer volume such as total reaction mixture volume was 0.5 ml). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1, and the chiral CE method 2.

[0344] Conversion of starting material: Enzyme Reaction % Enzyme amount time product ee_(product) Pectinex Smash^(a) 10 μl 45 mn 43 98% Pectinex AFP L-2^(b) 10 μl 45 mn 44 98% Novozyme 188^(c) 25 μl 30 mn 47 96% Shearzyme 500 L^(d) 25 μl 30 mn 47 99%

Example 25

[0345] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic Acid/Hexyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate

[0346] To hexyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate (0.25 ml of a suspension containing 2 mg/ml in phosphate buffer 0.1M pH 7 and acetonitrile (amount indicated below)) was added the enzyme (amount indicated below) diluted in phosphate buffer 0.1M pH 7 (buffer volume such as total reaction mixture volume was 0.5 ml). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1, and the chiral CE method 2.

[0347] Conversion of starting material: Enzyme Aceto- Reaction % Enzyme amount nitrile^(e) time product ee_(product) Pectinex AFP L-2^(b) 10 μl  5% 1 h ≈47% 99% Novozyme 188^(c) 25 μl 15% 1 h ≈41% ≈100% Shearzyme 500L^(d) 25 μl 15% 1 h 30 ≈46% 99%

Example 26

[0348] n-Hexyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate/Ethyl (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0349] To a solution of ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in t-butyl ethyl ether (dried on 3 Å molecular sieve) (10 mg/ml) was added n-hexanol (2 equivalents), triethylamine (dried on 3 Å molecular sieve) (14 mol %), 4A molecular sieve, and Mucor miehei lipase Lipozyme IM (from Novo Nordisk) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by the chiral CE method 2.

[0350] Conversion of starting material: Time/hours 1 3 Product_(hexyl ester) (%) 37 51 Ethyl ester (% ee) 57 74

Example 27

[0351] Alkyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate/Ethyl (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0352] To a solution of ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in t-butyl ethyl ether (dried on 3A molecular sieve) (10 mg/ml) was added the alkanol (2 equivalents), triethylamine (dried on 3 Å molecular sieve) (14 mol %), 4 Å molecular sieve, and Mucormiehei lipase Lipozyme IM (from Novo Nordisk) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by the chiral CE method 2.

[0353] Conversion of starting material: Reaction % trans- Alkanol time esterification % ee_(Ethyl ester) % ee_(Product ester) n-butanol 1 h 30 36% 56% 71% 5 h 30 56% 71% 45% 3-methyl 3 h 38% 67% nd 1-butanol 5 h 53% 77% nd

Example 28

[0354] n-Decyl (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0355] Ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (5 mg) was added to a solution containing Mucor miehei lipase Lipozym IM (immobilised Mucor miehei lipase commercially available from Novo Nordisk) (10 mg), n-decanol 8 μl, heptane 0.5 ml and 4 Å molecular sieves. The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixtures were analysed by the gradient HPLC method 2 and by the chiral HPLC method.

[0356] Conversion of starting material: Time/hours 2 h Product_(decyl ester) (%) 46 Decyl ester (ee) 87 Ethyl ester (ee) 78

Example 29

[0357] Esterification of (2R,S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid with Alcohols

[0358] Racemic (2R,S) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (200 mg), and different alcohols (1.2 eq.) dissolved in tert-butyl methyl ether (2 ml) were shaken together with 20 mg of Lipozyme IM (immobilised Mucor miehei lipase commercially available from Novo Nordisk) at 25° C. The reaction mixtures were analysed after 243 hours by the chiral CCE method 2 and the gradient HPLC-method 3.

[0359] Conversion and ee of the starting acid Remaining R-acid Product_(ester) Alcohol (ee%) (%) 4,4,4,-Trifluorobutanol 40 39 2-(Methylmercapto) ethanol 28 36 5-Hexen-1-ol 64 23 3-Hydroxypropionitrile 14 22 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol 24 14 Diethyleneglycolmonochlorhydrine 10 12 3-Chlor-1-propanol 44 37 2-Penten-4-yl-1-ol (E/Z mixture) 20 19 Citronellol 66  63* 3-Cyclohexyl-1-propnanol 66  60* 3-Phenylpropylalcohol 60  58* 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propanol 66 37

Example 30

[0360] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0361] To ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate (2.5 mg) in citrate-phosphate buffer 0.1M (400 μl) (pH as indicated below) was added the Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin I) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae (WO95/02044; Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, Barrett, Rawlings, and Woessner Eds., 1998, Academic Press ref.1 chap. 294) (100 μl, 1 mg protein/ml final concentration). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by the chiral HPLC method 5. pH5 pH6 pH7 % % ee % % ee % % ee Time product product product product product product 3 h 40 99 41 99 41 98 3 h 30 42 99 43 99 43 99 4 h 44 99 45 98 45 99 4 h 30 45 99 46 99 46 99

Example 31

[0362] (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0363] To ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (2.5 mg) in citrate-phosphate buffer 0.1M pH 5 (400 μl) was added the Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin I) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae (WO95/02044; Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, Barrett, Rawlings, and Woessner Eds., 1998, Academic Press ref.1 chap. 294) (100 μl, 1 mg protein/ml final concentration). The reaction mixture was shaken at the temperatures indicated below and analysed at different times. The reaction mixture was analysed by the gradient HPLC method 1 and by the chiral HPLC method 5. 20° C. 30° C. % % ee % % ee Time product product product product 3 h n.d n.d 46 99 3 h 30 42 99 47 99 4 h 43 99 49 99 4 h 30 45 99 48 98 5 h 46 99 n.d n.d 5 h 30 48 99 n.d n.d 6 h 48 99 n.d n.d

Example 32

[0364] n-Decyl (2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate/Ethyl (2R)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

[0365] Ethyl (2RS) (+/−) 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (5 mg) was added to a solution containing Mucormiehei lipase Lipozym IM (immobilised Mucor miehei lipase commercially available from Novo Nordisk) (10 mg), n-decanol 8 μl, heptane 0.5 ml and 4A molecular sieves. The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature and analysed at different times. The reaction mixtures were analysed by the gradient HPLC method 2 and by the chiral HPLC method 4.

[0366] Conversion of starting material: Time/hours 2 h Product_(acid) (%) 46 Decyl ester (ee) 87 Ethyl ester (ee) 78 

1. A process by which one of the two enantiomers of a racemic or enantiomerically enriched substrate as (I), (IV) and (VII) is converted to (III), (VI) and (IX) by a higher rate than the other enantiomer to give a reaction mixture from which the product mixtures (II) and (III), (V) and (VI) and (VIII) and (IX) can be separated, comprising hydrolysis or trans-esterification of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a racemic or enantiomerically enriched ester of the formula I by a higher rate than the other by an enzyme to give an ester (II) and an acid (III) or two different esters (V) and (VI) both with increased enantiomeric purity and an esterification process of a racemic or enantiomerically enriched acid (VIl) by an enzyme to give an ester (IX) and an acid (VIII) both with increased enantiomeric purity, characterized by means of

wherein one of the two enantiomers of racemic or enantiomerically enriched (I) is hydrolysed at a higher rate than the other in a solvent with an enzyme to give a product mixture of an acid (III) and an ester (II) both with increased enantiomeric purity wherein R¹ is defined as straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂, —CSNH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or Cl-6-alkyl, or R¹ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, —CN, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂ or —CSNH₂; or

wherein one the two enantiomers of racemic or enantiomerically enriched (IV) is trans-esterified at a higher rate than the other in a solvent containing an appropriate alcohol with an enzyme to give a product mixture of two different esters (V) and (Vi) both with increased enantiomeric purity wherein R¹ is defined as straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂, —CSNH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C,₁-alkyl, or R¹ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, —CN, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂ or —CSNH₂ and wherein R² is defined as R¹ provided that R² is different from the actual R¹ in the starting material; or

wherein one of the two enantiomers of racemic or enantiomerically enriched (VII) is esterified at a higher rate than the other in a solvent containing an appropriate alcohol with an enzyme to give a product mixture of an acid (VIII) and an ester (IX) both with increased enantiomeric purity, wherein R³ is defined as straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C4-30-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂, —CSNH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₆-alkyl, or R³ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —₃, —CN, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —SCF₃, —OCF₃, —CONH₂ or —CSNH₂.
 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —₃, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio, —CONH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₆-alkyl, or R¹ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —CONH₂.
 3. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CF₃, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio, —CONH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₆-alkyl, or R² is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, C₁₋₄-alkyl, Cl₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —CONH₂.
 4. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —₃, —OH, —SH, —COOH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, —CONH₂, —NR^(X)R^(Y) wherein X and Y independently are defined as hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl, or R³ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NR^(X)R^(Y), —CF₃, C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-alkoxy, C₁₋₄-alkylthio, —CONH₂.
 5. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, or R¹ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy.
 6. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio, or R² is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy.
 7. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio, or R³ is optionally substituted with phenyl or phenoxy.
 8. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio.
 9. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio.
 10. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 11. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 12. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is straight or branched C₄₋₂₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₈₋₃₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 13. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 14. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl.
 15. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is straight or branched C₄₋₂₀-alkyl, straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkenyl, straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkynyl, straight or branched C₈₋₃₀-alkenynyl.
 16. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl.
 17. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 18. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is straight or branched C₄₋₂₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 19. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 20. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy.
 21. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is straight or branched C₄₋₂₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆alkoxy.
 22. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁-alkoxy.
 23. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₈₋₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy.
 24. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is straight or branched C₈₋₂₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy.
 25. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy.
 26. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-hexyl, or ethoxyethyl.
 27. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl or 3-methyl-1-butyl.
 28. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halogen(s), —CN, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 29. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-decanyl, 1-docecyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, ethoxyethyl, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, 2-(methylmercapto)ethyl, 5-hexen-1-yl, 3-cyanopropyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3-chloro-1-propyl, citronellyl, 3-cyclohexyl-1-propyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propyl.
 30. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-decanyl, 1-docecyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, ethoxyethyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3-cyclohexyl-1-propyl, 3-phenylpropyl.
 31. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, or ethoxyethyl and R¹ and R³ independently are straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkyl.
 32. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ and R³ independently are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, butyl, or ethoxyethyl and R² is straight or branched C₆₋₃₀-alkyl.
 33. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-hexyl, or ethoxyethyl and R² is n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl or 3-methyl-1-butyl.
 34. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R² is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-hexyl, or ethoxyethyl and R¹ is n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl or 3-methyl-1-butyl.
 35. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆-calkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio.
 36. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more selected from CF₃, —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkylthio.
 37. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl.
 38. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkenyl, straight or branched C₂₋₈-alkynyl, straight or branched C₄₋₁₀-alkenynyl.
 39. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 40. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl optionally substituted with one or more selected from C₁₋₆-alkoxy, C₁₋₆-alkylthio.
 41. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R³ is methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-decanyl, or 1-dodececyl.
 42. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 3-9 at 5-80° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.
 43. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 3-9 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.
 44. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 3-9 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 45. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 3-9 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 46. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 4-8 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.
 47. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 4-8 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 48. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 4-8 at 10-50° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 49. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-40° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.
 50. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-40° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 51. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-40° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 52. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.
 53. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 54. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-8 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 55. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-7 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent.
 56. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-7 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent as e.g. acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 57. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Process 1 runs between pH 5-7 at 20-30° C. in buffered or non-buffered water optionally added an organic water miscible co-solvent selected from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide.
 58. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in ethers or hydrocarbons or ketones or halogenated hydrocarbons.
 59. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in ethers or hydrocarbons.
 60. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in alcohols.
 61. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in the alcohol, which is used as the nucleophile in the esterification reaction.
 62. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 15-90° C. in methanol, or 2-propanol, or ethanol, or 1-propanol.
 63. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 30-85° C. in ethers or hydrocarbons.
 64. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 30-85° C. in ethers as tert-butyl methyl ether.
 65. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzymatic esterification according to Process 3 runs at 50-60° C. in tert-butyl methyl ether.
 66. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the term “solvent” as used herein comprises an organic solvent, a mixture of organic solvents, an organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents and water containing salts or no salts buffered or non buffered, water containing salts buffered or not buffered, a two phase system comprising an organic and an aqueous phase, emulsions and suspensions.
 67. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the term “solvent” as used herein comprises an organic solvent, a mixture of organic solvents, an organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents and water containing salts or no salts buffered or non buffered, water containing salts buffered or not buffered, a two phase system comprising of an organic and aqueous phase, emulsions and suspensions where “organic solvent” refers to e.g. hydrocarbons as e.g. hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, xylenes, ketones as e.g. tert-butyl-methylketone, methylisopropylketone, 2-butanone, acetone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, ethers as e.g. diethylether, tert-butylmethylether, isopropyl-methylether, dioxane, dibutylether, dioxolane, anisole, and tetrahydrofuran, nitrites as e.g. acetonitrile and 3-hydroxypropionitrile, polar solvents as e.g. dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, sulfolane, dimethylpropylurea (DMPU), glyoxal, acids as e.g. acetic acid and formic acid, aldehydes as e.g. acetaldehyde, halogenated hydrocarbons as e.g. dichloromethane, trichloroethane, chloroform, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and dichloroethane, esters as e.g. ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, or tert-butyl acetate, straight or branched alcohols as e.g. 2-methyl-2-butanol, tert-butanol, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, and iso-propanol.
 68. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the term “solvent” as used herein comprises buffered (such as phosphate, acetate), non buffered water, or buffered or non buffered water containing a water miscible organic solvent such as acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, ethanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or 2-methyl-2-pentanone or ethers, such as tert-butyl methyl ether, saturated or not saturated with water.
 69. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the term “solvent” as used herein comprises an organic solvent, a mixture of organic solvents, an organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents and water containing salts or no salts buffered or non buffered, water containing salts buffered or not buffered, a two phase system comprising of an organic and aqueous phase, emulsions and suspensions where “organic solvent” refers to e.g. hydrocarbons as e.g. hexane and heptane, ketones as e.g. tert-butyl-methylketone, 2-butanone and acetone, 2-methyl-2-pentanone, ethers as e.g. diethylether, tert-butylmethylether, isopropyl-methylether and tetrahydrofuran, nitriles as e.g. acetonitrile and 3-hydroxypropionitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, sulfolane, dimethylpropylurea (DMPU), glyoxal, acids as e.g. acetic acid and formic acid, aldehydes as e.g. acetaldehyde, halogenated hydrocarbons as e.g. dichloromethane and dichloroethane, esters as e.g. tert-butyl acetate, straight or branched alcohols as e.g. 2-methyl-2-butanol, tert-butanol, methanol, ethanol, propanol and ispropanol.
 70. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the term “solvent” as used herein comprises buffered (such as phosphate, acetate), non buffered water, or buffered or non buffered water containing an organic solvent such as acetonitrile or 2-methyl-2-pentanone.
 71. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzyme is a protease.
 72. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the protease is a commercial protease such as Alcalase®, Esperase®, Rennilase®, Durazym®, Everlase®, Kannase®, MAXATASE® or Properase®.
 73. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the proteases are from the organisms Nocardiopsis, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Bacillus alcalophilus, B. cereus, N. natto, B. vulgatus, B. mycoide, Nocardiopsis sp. or Nocardiopsis dassonvillei.
 74. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the serine proteases are from mutants of Bacillus subtilisins.
 75. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the protease is Neutrase® (Zn).
 76. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the protease enzyme preparations are Bactosol® WO or Bactosol® SI, Toyozyme®, or Proteinase K®.
 77. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the proteases are Protease A or Protease B, Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin 1) from Aspergillus aculeatus, Kannase a variant of Savinase from Bacillus clausii, Trypsin like protease from Fusarium Oxysporum, Alp protease (or oryzin) from Aspergillus Oryzae, Protease 2A from Aspergillus Oryzae, C-component from Bacillus Licheniformis, Protease 1 (or Aspergillopepsin II) from Aspergillus Aculeatus, NpI protease (or Neutral proteinase I or Fungalysin) from Aspergillus Oryzae, NpII protease from Aspergillus Oryzae, Pepsin A protease from Aspergillus Oryzae, PD 498 protease from Bacillus sp., Glycine specific protease from Papaya, alpha-chymotrypsine type II from bovine pancreas, alpha-chymotrypsine type VII from bovine pancreas, Proteinase 2A from Aspergillus Oryzae, Protease from Pseudomonas putida, e.g. Novozym 180, Proteinase 6 from Aspergillus Oryzae, Flavourzymee from Aspergillus Oryzae.
 78. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the protease is produced by or can be isolated from Aspergillus, Bacillus, Fusarium, Papaya, bovine pancreas.
 79. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the protease is produced by or can be isolated from Aspergillus aculeatus, Bacillus clausii, Fusarium Oxysporum, Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus Oryzae, Bacillus Licheniformis, Bacillus sp., Papaya, bovine pancreas.
 80. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzyme is a lipase.
 82. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzyme is a lipase selected from yeast, e.g. Candida, lipases, bacterial, e.g. Pseudomonas or Bacillus, lipases, or fungal, e.g. Humicola or Rhizopus, lipases.
 83. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the lipases are Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme™), Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase (Lipolase™), Humicola insolens lipase, Humicola lanuginosa lipase, Pseudomonas stutzeri (eg. ATCC 19.154) lipase, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase, Candida antarctica lipase A or B, or lipases from rGPL, Absidia blakesleena, Absidia corymbifera, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum cyclopium, Penicillum crustosum, Penicillum expansum, Rhodotorula glutinis, Thiarosporella phaseolina, Rhizopus microsporus, Sporobolomyces shibatanus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Hansenula anomala, Geotricum penicillatum, Lactobacillus curvatus, Brochothrix thermosohata, Coprinus cinerius, Trichoderma harzanium, Trichoderma reesei, Rhizopusjaponicus or Pseudomonas plantari.
 84. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the lipase is Lipase P “Amano, Amano-CES or NRRLB
 3673. 85. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzyme is a cutinase.
 86. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the cutinase is from the organisms Fusarium solani pisi or Humicola insolens.
 87. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzyme is a phospholipase.
 88. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzyme is an esterase.
 89. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is an esterase from rabbit liver, Sigma E-9636, an esterase from porcine liver, Sigma E-7259, an esterase from hog pancreas, an esterase from hog liver, an esterase type V-S from electric eel, or an esterase from Pseudomonas putida.
 90. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is ferulic acid esterase from Aspergilus Oryzae, or acetyl xytan esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus Oryzaee.
 91. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is produced by Aspergillus.
 92. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is produced by Aspergillus aculeatus.
 93. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is produced by Aspergillus oryzae.
 94. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is produced by Aspergillus niger.
 95. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is produced by Pseudomonas.
 96. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is from a commercially available enzyme preparation expressed in Aspergillus aculeatus, or Aspergillus oryzae, or Aspergillus niger.
 97. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is Pectinex™ Ultra SP-L, Pectinex™ BE, Flavourzyme™, Kojizyme™ 500 MG, Shearzyme™ 500L, Pectinex™ AFP L-2, Pectinex™ SMASH, Novozyme 188 or Rheozyme®.
 98. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae.
 99. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the esterase is obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus aculeatus.
 100. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the enzyme is a hydrolytic enzyme mixture, which contains two or more hydrolytic enzymes, such as a protease, a lipase, an esterase, a cutinase, or a phospholipase or three or more proteases, lipases, esterases, cutinases, or phospholipases.
 101. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is produced by or can be isolated from Rhizopus, Humicola, Bacillus, Bovine pancreas, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Trypsin or Fusarium.
 102. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is an esterase.
 103. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1 the esterase is produced by Aspergillus.
 104. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1 the esterase is produced by Aspergillus aculeatus.
 105. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1 the esterase is produced by Aspergillus oryzae.
 106. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1 the esterase is produced by Aspergillus niger.
 107. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1 the esterase is from a commercially available enzyme preparation expressed in Aspergillus aculeatus, or Aspergillus oryzae, or Aspergillus niger.
 108. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1 the esterase is Pectinex™ Ultra SP-L, Pectinex™ BE, Flavourzyme™, Kojizyme™ 500 ,MG, Shearzyme™ 500L, Pectinex™ AFP L-2, Pectinex™ SMASH, Novozyme 188 or Rheozyme®.
 109. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1 the esterase is obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae.
 110. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1 the esterase is obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus aculeatus.
 111. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is selected from: Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Humicola lanuginosa lipase, Esperase (Bacillus licheniformis protease), Savinase (Bacillus clausli protease), α-chymotrypsin from Bovine pancreas, Protease from Pseudomonas putida, e.g. Novozym 180, Proteinase 6 from Aspergillus sp., Flavourzyme from Aspergillus oryzae, Protease 1 (or Aspergillopepsin II) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin 1) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, NpI protease (or Neutral proteinase I or Fungalysin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Trypsin like protease from Fusarium oxysporum expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Rheozyme, a pectin methyl esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus, Alp. protease (or oryzin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Protease 2A from Aspergillus oryzae, Pectinex Ultra SP-L from Aspergillus aculeatus, Pectinex BE 3L from Aspergillus niger, Kojizyme 500MG from Aspergillus oryzae, Ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus oiyzae, Acetyl xylan esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus, Shearzyme 500L from Aspergillus aculeatus, Pectinex AFP L-2, Pectinex SMASH, Novozym 188 from Aspergillus niger, Kannase, a variant of Savinase from Bacillus clausii, Cutinase from Humicola insolens, Hydrolytic enzyme mixture obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae.
 112. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is selected from: Protease 1 (or Aspergillopepsin II) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin i) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Protease NpI from Aspergillus aculeatus, NpI protease (or Neutral proteinase I or Fungalysin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Trypsin like protease from Fusarium oxysporum expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Rheozyme, a pectin methyl esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus, Alp. protease (or oryzin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Protease 2A from Aspergillus oryzae, Pectinex Ultra SP-L from Aspergillus aculeatus, Pectinex BE 3L from Aspergillus niger, Kojizyme 500MG from Aspergillus oryzae, Ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus oryzae, Acetyl xylan esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus, Shearzyme 500L from Aspergillus aculeatus, Pectinex AFP L-2, Pectinex SMASH, Novozym 188 from Aspergillus niger, Kannase, a variant of Savinase from Bacillus clausii, Cutinase from Humicola insolens, Hydrolytic enzyme mixture obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae.
 113. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 1, the enzyme is selected from: Protease I (or Aspergillopepsin II) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Protease 2 (or Aspergillopepsin I) from Aspergillus aculeatus expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Protease NpI from Aspergillus aculeatus, NpI protease (or Neutral proteinase I or Fungalysin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Trypsin like protease from Fusarium oxysporum expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Rheozyme, a pectin methyl esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus, Alp. protease (or oryzin) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Aspergillus oryzae also containing secreted enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Protease 2A from Aspergillus oryzae, Pectinex Ultra SP-L from Aspergillus aculeatus, Pectinex BE 3L from Aspergillus niger, Kojizyme 500MG from Aspergillus oryzae, Ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus oryzae, Acetyl xylan esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus, Shearzyme 500L from Aspergillus aculeatus, Pectinex AFP L-2, Pectinex SMASH, Novozym 188 from Aspergillus niger, Hydrolytic enzyme mixture obtained from fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae.
 114. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 2, the enzyme is from the Rhizopus family.
 115. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 3, the enzyme is from the Rhizopus family.
 116. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 2, the enzyme is Rhizomucor miehei lipase.
 117. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein in relation to Process 3, the enzyme is Rhizomucor miehei lipase.
 118. A process according to any one of the preceding claims in relation to Process 1, R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₆-alkyl or ethoxyethyl, the enzyme is a hydrolase or an esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus or Aspergillus oryzae, the pH of the reaction mixture is from 4 to 8, the reaction mixture contains water and from 0 to 15% organic solvent, and the temperature is from 15 to 40° C.
 119. A process according to any one of the preceding claims in relation to Process 1, R¹ is straight or branched C₁₋₃-alkyl or ethoxyethyl, the enzyme is a hydrolase or an esterase from Aspergillus aculeatus or Aspergillus oryzae, the pH of the reaction mixture is from 5 to 7, the reaction mixture contains water and from 0 to 5% organic solvent, and the temperature is from 20 to 30° C. 